Supply Factors

The US Merchant CO2 industry is composed of about 111 plants, sourced largely from ethanol, some 49 plants. Next in line, with respect to by-product plants, would be from the production of anhydrous ammonia, numbering about 23 facilities. Then, would be sources from hydrogen reformers in oil refineries, which total about 20. Nineteen natural sources from deep within the earth are a source type, not by-product based, which require purification only. Other miscellaneous facilities include by-product from flue gas, ethylene oxide, natural gas processing and syngas. The last group contains approximately eight facilities. Below is picture of a CO2 liquefaction/purification plant, designed to fit a very compact location.

The above plant has traditional CO2 compression, ammonia refrigeration, and a heat exchanger on top of the facility. Most plants have numerous skid-mounted components such as a refrigeration skid, compression skid, purification skid, and MCC…